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MICROPROCESSOR

2006-12-17T02:15:00.000-08:00

What is microprocessor?

It is a silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.

There are three basic characteristics differentiating microprocessors:

1) Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute.

2) Bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction.

3) Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions

per second the processor can execute.

In both cases, the higher the value, the more powerful the CPU. For example, a 32-bit microprocessor that runs at 50MHz is more powerful than a 16-bit microprocessor that runs at 25MHz.

In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer).

Computer Types

2006-12-09T03:16:00.000-08:00

Electromechanical computers

In the early part of the 20th century,tabulating machine were growing rapidly.In 1944 August next important event occured in the history.The electromechanical computer was born with the development of Mark I by Howard Aiken at the Harvard University under the sponsorship of IBM.

The Mark I also known as automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC) was 50ft. long 8ft.high.It used electronic tubes and electrical relays.Mark I took 4.5sec to multiply to 23 digit numbers.It was able to produce ballastus table that were used in connection with second world war.Punched paper tape was used as input devices.

Electronic computer

The age of electronic computer began after 1980 when vacuum tubes were introduced.Such tubes were thousands of times faster than the earlier electromechanical devices.The first electronic digital computer was developed by John V. Attansoff and his student Glifford Berry.It was called Attansoff Berry Computer (ABC) .ABC computer used vacuum tubes instead of electromechanical relays.ABC computer could not become popular because it could solve only certain type of problem and used advanced electronic technology of that time.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

In the true sense the first electronic computer was developed by John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert.It was developed at the university of Pennsylvania and called ENIAC.ENIAC used high speed vacuum tubes.The high speed operation of the computer in the world was first experience with ENIAC.It could add two numbers in 200 micro seconds and multiply two numbers in 2800 micro seconds.19000 vacuum tubes were used.It occupied an area of 150 sq.m.

ENIAC was the result of the efforts made by U.S. armed force to complete new trajectory tables for used in world war II.But ENIAC was completed in 1946, so they could not make use in the war.

EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable and computer)

In 1945, a noticeable improvement in the development of the computer took place where John Von Neumann a Hungarian mathematician genius developed the idea of stored program concept.He proposed a new computer called EDVAC which would utilize his stored program concept.

According to Neumann EDVAC would use binary number system instead of decimal number system used in ENIAC.

Applications of Multimedia

2006-12-08T02:37:00.000-08:00

Multimedia plays a vital role in the different sectors of the society.Due to its capabilities,it has become very popular from small business sector to the big industries.It can be used for entertainment,software training,education,web page designing,office work,hospital,networks and so on.Let us discuss some of the common fields of multimedia.

1.Multimedia in Entertainment:

One of the earliest applications of multimedia was for computer game.At that time most of people believed that multimedia can be used only for computer games.With the improvement in multimedia,today it is being extensively used in making movies.Now, the moviemakers have the possibility of creating what they want to create.

2.Multimedia with New Software:

Nowadays,software is becoming very complex.So,the software companies are binding the multimedia with their software to give the instructions and training for the new software.It has reduced the large number of technical personnel,which is needed for the training.The individual or group of users can learn the new software with the help of multimedia.

3.Multimedia in Education:

Multimedia is playing a vital role in education.It is able to assist both the student and teacher in new ways.It provides a means of putting across information and ideas for the teachers while it can represent a one to one teaching environment which moves at the required pace for the student.

4.Multimedia in Production and Sales:

Multimedia can be used to promote the sales of a company.Nowadays presentation of different goods of a company can be designed in an attractive way with attractive text sound and moving picture,which effectively helps in promoting sales.

5.Multimedia on the Web Page:

When the web page was introduced,the information was in text.Web page with just the text makes the presentation dull.The origin of multimedia has changed the face of web pages.Nowadays web pages display animations,graphics,and sound.It also allows the user to interact with them.

WAIS AND DNS

2006-12-07T02:53:00.000-08:00

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

2006-12-04T02:12:00.000-08:00

Whatis C?

C is a programming language developed at AT and T's Bell laboratories in USA in 1972.It was designed and written by Dennis Ritchie.In late seventees and began to replace the more familiar language of the time like PL/I,ALGOL.

Why 'C' is useful?
There are several excellent language but due to the following reason many computer professional feels that C is at the top of the list.

1.C is a powerful and flexible language.C can follow your
imagination.C is used for projects as diverse as operating system
word processor,graphics and even compilers for other languages.

2.C is a popular language prefer by professional programmers.As a
result a wide variety of C compilers and helpful accessories are
available.

3.C is a portable language.Portable means that a program written for
one computer system can be compiled and run on another system with
title or no modification portability is enhanced by ANSI standard
for C.

4.C is language of few word containing only a handful of terms
called by word.

5.C is modular.C code can be written in routine called
functions.These function can be re used in other application or
programs.

NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING A COMPUTER PROGRAM

2006-12-03T04:39:00.000-08:00

Why it is necessary to develop a computer program in a systematic way and what are the different kinds of programming tools used in a program design process?

A program development requires systematic methods because there are different phases of system or program development which we should follow in a stepwise manner.

At the very first phase detailed analysis of the system is done.Without knowing the requirement of the user or without preparing a detailed system specification we cannot develop a program.We should know what can be the probable inputs and possible outputs of the system.If a program is developed with knowing these requirements then the program may not meet the objective of the user an be useless.

After preparing system specification if with prior planning like the technical manpower needed to make the system,its duration and money required we cannot start making the program.If it is impossible to make such system or there is no manpower to make the system then it would be useless to start developing it.The system should not take proposed time and money otherwise the developer may be in loss after making the system.

At the third phase designing of the system is very important.A good design leads to a good program.Without designing we cannot start coding the program.A bad design leads to bad programming and we will thus suffer later while coding.

After designing coding is done and then the testing of the system is done to verify whether the system fulfills the needs of a user or not.Without a system is ready we cannot test it only test cases can be prepared.Hence all the steps should be followed strictly in a stepwise manner.We cannot escape any step while making a system.

The different programming tools used in program design are pseudocode,algorithm or flowchart.

Commercialization of the Technology

2006-11-30T23:19:00.000-08:00

Commercialization of the Internet involved not only the development of competitive, private network services, but also the development of commercial products implementing the Internet technology. In the early 1980s, dozens of vendors were incorporating TCP/IP into their products because they saw buyers for that approach to networking. Unfortunately they lacked both real information about how the technology was supposed to work and how the customers planned on using this approach to networking. Many saw it as a nuisance add-on that had to be glued on to their own proprietary networking solutions: SNA, DECNet, Netware, NetBios. The DoD had mandated the use of TCP/IP in many of its purchases but gave little help to the vendors regarding how to build useful TCP/IP products.

In parallel with the commercialization efforts that were highlighted by the Interop activities, the vendors began to attend the IETF meetings that were held 3 or 4 times a year to discuss new ideas for extensions of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Starting with a few hundred attendees mostly from academia and paid for by the government, these meetings now often exceeds a thousand attendees, mostly from the vendor community and paid for by the attendees themselves. This self-selected group evolves the TCP/IP suite in a mutually cooperative manner. The reason it is so useful is that it is comprised of all stakeholders: researchers, end users and vendors.

Network management provides an example of the interplay between the research and commercial communities. In the beginning of the Internet, the emphasis was on defining and implementing protocols that achieved interoperation. As the network grew larger, it became clear that the sometime ad hoc procedures used to manage the network would not scale. Manual configuration of tables was replaced by distributed automated algorithms, and better tools were devised to isolate faults. In 1987 it became clear that a protocol was needed that would permit the elements of the network, such as the routers, to be remotely managed in a uniform way. Several protocols for this purpose were proposed, including Simple Network Management Protocol or SNMP (designed, as its name would suggest, for simplicity, and derived from an earlier proposal called SGMP) , HEMS (a more complex design from the research community) and CMIP (from the OSI community). A series of meeting led to the decisions that HEMS would be withdrawn as a candidate for standardization, in order to help resolve the contention, but that work on both SNMP and CMIP would go forward, with the idea that the SNMP could be a more near-term solution and CMIP a longer-term approach. The market could choose the one it found more suitable. SNMP is now used almost universally for network based management.

In the last few years, we have seen a new phase of commercialization. Originally, commercial efforts mainly comprised vendors providing the basic networking products, and service providers offering the connectivity and basic Internet services. The Internet has now become almost a "commodity" service, and much of the latest attention has been on the use of this global information infrastructure for support of other commercial services. This has been tremendously accelerated by the widespread and rapid adoption of browsers and the World Wide Web technology, allowing users easy access to information linked throughout the globe. Products are available to facilitate the provisioning of that information and many of the latest developments in technology have been aimed at providing increasingly sophisticated information services on top of the basic Internet data communications.

AI AND E-COMMERCE

2006-11-30T02:40:00.000-08:00

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Conventional data processing is concerned with inputting and processing data in the form of facts and figures in order to produce operational or management information.Artificial intelligence,on the other hand, is based on knowledge.A widely accepted definition of artificial intelligence is based on a test devised by Alan Turing in 1950.

Suppose there are two identical terminals in a one connected to a computer,and the other operated remotely by a person.If someone using the two terminals is unable to tell which is connected to the computer and which is operated by the person, the computer can be credited with intelligence.

Following on from this idea we could say that artificial intelligence is the science of making machine perform tasks that would require intelligence if done by people.Artificial intelligence covers such fields as expert systems,problem solving,robot control, intelligence database querying and pattern recognition.Pattern recognition includes speech comprehension and synthesis,image processing and robot vision.Getting a computer to communicate in natural language is yet another field of research.One aspect of artificially intelligent computers is that they should be capable of learning and therefore improving their performance at a given task.Computer have been successfully trained,for example-to recognize (with as much accuracy as a human being) a face as either male or female, and to be able to recognize an underground train station as being crowded or not.

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (E-COMMERCE)

E-commerce is broadly defined as the use of telecommunication or wide area networking to carry out financial transactions.With the emergence of internet and inexpensive personal computers,E-commerce has grown widely now a days.Almost infinite variety of goods and services is available on the internet.You can bid for any kinds of work,purchase equipment and materials, book your holiday, hire car, theatre tickets and restaurant meal, buy anything from groceries to a car.You can buy or sell stocks and shares on-line, do your banking, and apply for a job.

Informations on Hardware

2006-11-28T04:38:00.000-08:00

About Microsoft Hardware

For more than two decades, the Hardware Group has employed innovative engineering, cutting-edge industrial design and extensive usability testing to create products of exceptional quality and durability that enhance the software experience and strengthen the connection between consumers and their PC. Microsoft Hardware leads the industry in ergonomic engineering, industrial design, and hardware/software compatibility, offering consumers an easier, more convenient and more enjoyable computing experience. Microsoft IntelliMouse® Explorer, which launched in 1999, earned a place on PCWorld.com’s list of “The 50 Greatest Gadgets of the Past 50 Years” as the first mainstream optical mouse that “brought gunk-free pointing devices” to a broad consumer base.

HOW COMPUTERS WORK?

A general purpose computer has four main sections: the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were comprised of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.

HARDWARE

The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine language by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.

SOFTWARE

Software refers to parts of the computer that have no material form; programs, data, protocols, etc are all software. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes termed firmware to indicate that it falls into an area of uncertainty between hardware and software.

THE FIRST INTERNET

2006-11-27T03:09:00.000-08:00

ARPANET

The ARPANET was the first wide area packet switching network, the "Eve" network of what has evolved into the Internet we know and love today.

The ARPANET was developed by the IPTO under the sponsorship of DARPA, and conceived and planned by Lick Licklider, Lawrence Roberts, and others as described earlier in this section.

The ARPANET went into labor on August 30, 1969, when BBN delivered the first Interface Message Processor (IMP) to Leonard Kleinrock's Network Measurements Center at UCLA. The IMP was built from a Honeywell DDP 516 computer with 12K of memory, designed to handle the ARPANET network interface. In a famous piece of Internet lore, on the side of the crate, a hardware designer at BBN named Ben Barker had written "Do it to it, Truett", in tribute to the BBN engineer Truett Thach who traveled with the computer to UCLA on the plane.

The UCLA team responsible for installing the IMP and creating the first ARPANET node included graduate students Vinton Cerf, Steve Crocker, Bill Naylor, Jon Postel, and Mike Wingfield. Wingfield had built the hardware interface between the UCLA computer and the IMP, the machines were connected, and within a couple of days of delivery the IMP was communicating with the local NMC host, an SDS Sigma 7 computer running the SEX operating system. Messages were successfully exchanged, and the one computer ARPANET was born. A picture of Leonard Kleinrock with the first ARPANET IMP is shown below (click on the picture to link to a larger image on Kleinrock's home site).

The first full ARPANET network connection was next, planned to be with Douglas Engelbart's NLS system at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), running an SDS-940 computer with the Genie operating system and connected to another IMP. At about 10:30 PM on October 29'th, 1969, the connection was established over a 50 kbps line provided by the AT&T telephone company, and a two node ARPANET was born.

Milestones. Some of the milestones in the early history of the ARPANET are summarized below:
1)East Coast. In March, 1970, the consulting company Bolt, Beranek & Newman joined the ARPANET, becoming the first ARPANET node on the US east coast.

2)Remote Access. In September, 1971, the first Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) was deployed, enabling individual computer terminals to dial directly into the ARPANET, thereby greatly increasing the ease of network connections and leading to significant growth.

3)1972. By the end of 1972 there were 24 sites on the ARPANET, including the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, NASA, and the Federal Reserve Board.

4)1973. By the end of 1973 there were 37 sites on the ARPANET, including a satellite link from California to Hawaii. Also in 1973, the University College of London in England and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway become the first international connections to the ARPANET.

5)1974. In June, 1974, there were 62 computers connected to the ARPANET.

6)1977. In March, 1977, there were 111 computers on the ARPANET.

7)1983. In 1983, an unclassified military only network called MILNET split off from the ARPANET, remaining connected only at a small number of gateways for exchange of electronic mail that could be easily disconnected for security reasons if required. MILNET later become part of the DoD Defense Data Network, or DDN.

8)1985. By the middle of the 80's there were ARPANET gateways to external networks across North America, Europe, and in Australia, and the Internet was global in scope. Marty Lyons has created a map of the existing network gateways from 18 June 1985.

9)1990. The ARPANET was retired in 1990. Most university computers that were connected to it were moved to networks connected to the NSFNET, passing the torch from the old network to the new.

COMPUTERS

2006-11-26T02:29:00.000-08:00

SOME HISTORY ON COMPUTERS AND IT'S BACKGROUND

What is the difference between a Computer and a Calculator? One the most satisfactory definition states, "An automatic computer is a machine that manipulates symbols in accordance with given rules in a predetermined and self-directed manner.."The most significant word here undoubtedly is "self directed". Any calculating device whether it be an abacus or an adding machine must be other-directed, that is, man directed.An automatic computer, however has the ability to accept data and then work upon that data according to a preset program without human intervention, although human beings must, of course, devise the program which controls the automatic manipulation of the data. Regardless whether the computer is one of the special-purpose types for solving engineering and scientific problems or a general-purpose computer manufactured in large quantities, the principle remains the same.

The first true computer to be manufactured in any quantities was Ford Instrument Computer in 1915. A mechanical analog device. The Ford Computer was a marvel of gear trains, linkages, and differentials. It was difficult to keep in adjustment and very complicated to manufacture, but it did the job it was intended to do- find and keep the range for naval guns.

In 1930, the first general-purpose computer was built at MIT under the direction of Dr. Vannever Bush. It to was a mechanical monster, but it could be disconnected and reconnected to solve different equations.All of these devices were analog. That is they operated on real inputs such as voltages or the rotation of gears and they produced real outputs, such as training of the guns of a main battery.

Analog computers have both advantages and disadvantages. They produce almost instantaneous output, but since they act upon analogies to numbers rather than on numbers themselves, their output is never perfectly accurate. They can be used to train a gun but not to calculate a payroll.

In 1939, a major breakthrough occurred when Dr. Howard Aiken of Harvard completed the basic plans for a sequential, digital, electromechanical computer. This computer was an unwieldy conglomeration of office calculating devices, but it embodied two important concepts. First, it operated on real numbers, rather than on analogs of numbers, and, second it had the ability to make decisions. That is, it could compare two numbers when a partial result had been obtained and then follow one of two paths for further computation, depending upon the result of the comparison. All computers operate on this principle today.Dr. Aiken's machine was still an electromechanical device and naturally was subject to failure through wear and tear and had such commonplace troubles as simply getting dirty. Also there were obvious physical limitation on the speeds which it could be operated.

Some informations on Internet

2006-11-24T04:07:00.000-08:00

ABOUT INTERNET

If the Internet were a stock,it would be considered a market phenomenon with sustained doubling growth and no apparent end in sight to the upwards spiral.Recent net numbers are stunning between January 1993 and January 1994 alone,the number of nodes grew from 1.3,13.00 to 2217.00 an impressive 69% increase over countries have full internet connectively and about 150 have at least E-mail services.

No discussion of telecommunications would be complete without discussing the internet,referred to by its millions of users as the Net.The Net evolved from ARPANET, research network created and subsudized in the 1960s by the Defense Department and National Science Foundation (NSF) to link research institutions and government around the world to exchange information on a wide range of topics.Although original ARPANET no longer exists, its design and architecture laid the foundations internet.

The Net,one of the oldest long distance networks in the country is a network of networks.It links approximately 1.5 million computers,attached to more than 13000 networks in 100 or more countries.

Businesses use the Net for a number of tasks,such as sharing files,sending email,and selling goods and services.Fewer than 1% of major companies today are not attached to the Internet.In fact,the internet has become such an integral part of the rate landscape that it is generating a number of entrepreneurial opportunities and specialized jobs:there are internet explorers,security experts,technicians,librarians,trainers and other service providers.In fact,the internet is becoming so that many employers expect their new hires to have a working knowledge of it.

Think of the internet as a huge repository of information on almost every topic able.People all over the world can search the net for informations,add new informations,and exchange views on different topics.The internet is an electronic web connects people and businesses that have access to networks and allows them to send and receive e-mail and to participate in a number of other activities,around the clock.In fact,the internet is so huge with such a wide variety of features,that there are few if any experts in the world who know everything about it.

The primary workings of the internet are funded by the National Science Foundation(NSF) the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) a committee of scientists and experts,provides technical supervision,standars and guidelines for the Net.Any network (remember the internet is simply a network of networks) connected to the internet must abide by the standards established by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).

links

2006-11-23T01:09:00.000-08:00

MULTIMEDIA

2006-11-23T00:42:00.000-08:00

What is Multimedia?

The standard definition is any presentation that involves two or more media,such as text,graphics,or sound.Any TV show or movie is a multimedia experience.What makes multimedia exciting is another characteristic altogether interactively.In interactive multimedia,users can choose their own path through the presentation.The interactive dimension makes computer based multimedia a non couch potato technology,instead of sitting back and letting someone else determine the presentations flow,you are in control.

A computer system with the capabilities to capture,digitize,compress,store,decompress and present information is called a multimedia system.

ROLE OF MULTIMEDIA

Now a days Multimedia is used widely.It has changed the entire functions of working,learning,playing and organizing the business.Multimedia with computer has replaced slide projector,tape,decks and movie projector.Before multimedia with computer came into use,presentations were hard to put together and it was very difficult to run also.It required special skill to prepare presentations.The computer technology has changed it drastically.Now,it is very easy to prepare presentation on the computer and it does not need any special skills.Anybody,who is familiar with computer can prepare good presentations.

What are the tools of Multimedia?

Multimedia presentations range from simple slide shows to very sophisticated and professional programs.The use of tools will vary depending on the nature and complexity of the presentation.In this section,we shall see some of the tools and techniques used for creating multimedia presentation.

1) Text
2) Hypertext
3) Hypermedia
4) Graphics and Images
5) Simulation
6) Animation

7) Video

INTERNET TOOLS

2006-11-22T00:56:00.000-08:00

Some of the important and popular tools on the Net are discussed
below.These include:

1) Information retrieval tools (ftp and Gopher)
2)Communications tools (E-mail,telnet,Usenet)
3)Multimedia Information tools (World Wide Web)
4)Information search tools (WAIS, Archie,Veronica)

Some of them are discussed below:

Information retrieval tool

ftp
File transfer protocol (ftp) which was one of the first tools on the Internet,allows users to move files,such as text,graphics,sound and so on,from one computer to another.It is a command that activates a type of client server relationship.FTP works as follows: The user first uses the software on his or her machine(or service provider), called the client,to gain access to the remote computer,to either upload,or send to the remote computer or download(receive) certain requested files from it.
Another popular way to retrieve files is by using what is called an anonymous ftp server.In this case,the user logs on to the server using the special user ID anonymous.If the server then asks for a password,the user types in his or her user ID.Freeware and shareware programs that are available at no cost on the Net can be obtained through anonymous ftp servers.Although it is easy to retrieve the information once the site is located,sometimes it is difficult to locate an ftp site or identify the files available on that site.

Gopher
The second type of information retrieval tool available on the Internet is Gopher, a menu based interface that provides easy access to information residing on special server, called Gopher sites.Although Gopher performs primarily the same tasks as the ftp command, its interface is much more user friendly and it provides additional functions,such as links to other Internet services.By selecting an item on the Gopher menu,users can move,retrieve,or display files from remote sites.The menu also allows users to move from one Gopher site to another,where each site provides different information.The entire Gopherspace (which refers to the interconnected Gopher servers) can be easily expanded by adding more servers.

Communication tools
Communication tools facilitate written communications and in this section
we have three types of communication tools.They are:
1)E-mail
2)Telnet

3)Usenet

Multimedia Information Tool

2006-11-21T00:20:00.000-08:00

WHAT IS WWW ?

The world wide web (WWW) is one of the newest and most popular hyper-text based Internet tool.It allows users to access and display documents and graphics stored on any server on the Internet.In 1989,Tim Berners-Lee,a computer scientists at the CERN particle physics lab in Switzerland,designed WWW as a tool to help an international group of physicists exchange findings and information related to their research.It became popular only in late 1993, when WWW software was delivered for desktops that used popular operating systems such as a Windows,allowing users easy and friendly access to the Internet.Some WWW terms are shown as follows:

1) CGI -- Common Gateway Interface.A specification for a communication
interface between external systems and a Web server.

2) HTML-- Hyper-text Markup Language.A text formatting language used to
create Web pages.

3) HTTP-- Hyper-text Transport Protocol.The communication protocol
between a Web server and a client.

4) Image Map-- A text file that defines regions using graphics files (usually
GIF files) that users can click on to navigate.

5) MIME-- Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.An internet standard for
sending and receiving multimedia E-mail.

6) Server-side-- A Web server feature that lets HTML pages be parsed "on
the fly" filling in the parts of the page with information from external files.

7) S-HTTP-- Secure Hyper-text Transport Protocol.An extension of HT-P
provides communication and transaction security for Web clients servers.

8) SSL-- Secure Socket Layer.A transport mechanism developed by
Communication for transmitting secure data over a network.

9) URL-- Uniform Resource Locator.An address that specifies the location of
Web page.

There are many interfaces to the WWW,such as Mosaic,a GUI-based hypertext browser, and Netscape,that allow users to easily navigate the Internet and access many services.

INFORMATIONS ABOUT OZONE LAYER

2006-11-19T00:39:00.000-08:00

There are many informations and all of them are equally important
according to their uses.Some of the major ones are as follows:

1) Ozone layer protects the harmful rays of sun coming to the earth. Ozone is
solid oxygen whose chemical formula is O3.It is made up of three oxygen
molecules.
Ozone layer filters 99% of harmful sun rays coming to the earth. It is
situated roughly in between 30-50k.m. in the atmosphere.

2) Ozone layer is in the verge of rapid destruction by 1992, 5% of ozone layer
was diminished,according to a scientific study.

3) Chloro Floro Carbon (CFC) and Carbon monoxide (CO3) are the chief reason
for the destruction of ozone layer.CFC is the chief gas to deplete the layer.
CFC is produced from coolers, refrigerators etc.

4) World leaders and politicians are not able to come to a common agenda to
check the depletion of ozone layer.

5) By 2066, if nothing go wrong,the ozone layer that has depleted will recover

itself.

A Most Forgiving Ape

2006-11-18T04:34:00.000-08:00

An ape is a large monkey without or very small tail.They are the creature most nearest to human beings than any other animals.In ancient times human beings were like as an ape.But after there has been changed in development of human beings by physically and mentally.Chimpangees,Gorillas are the example of an ape.They are the ancestors of human being.

The most common habits of Chimpangees are dense forest,grooves.They are found in damp and swampy places.But nowadays these animals are found in western and central Africa at large. They have longer arms than legs.Their bodies are shorter in terms of limbs.They are dark skinned with hair covering all parts of their body.They have large ear,small nostrils,a slight brow ridge,elongated snout.They have hairless face except short little white beared on the either side of the cheeks.Generally Chimpangees are found in a group of 60-70 members and the young Chimpangees are called Chimps are found in a group of 60 years maximum but in wild state they live upto 35-40 years because in wild state there is no security to these animals.Male Chimpangees are large than female as female weighs 25-60k.g. whereas male weighs 35-70 k.g. and female has 2-3.5ft. height whereas male has 3-4ft. height.Grooming is their favourite time pass.

Benefits of Gym Floor Covering

2006-11-14T02:04:00.000-08:00

A gym floor is used for a number of different activities outside of basketball, volleyball, and other sports. Many people think that a gym is only for a certain type of sports, but nothing could be further from the truth. After all, since a gym is such a big area why not use it for other activities as well? This leads to many people want to use a gym floor cover for one reason or the next. But before you can use a gym floor cover, you need to know what it is, the benefits, and how it is done. The first thing that you need to know about a gym floor cover is that they are of professional grade. Many people think that a gym floor cover is the same as a plastic tarp, but this is simply not the case.

The fact of the matter is that a gym floor cover is meant to cover a surface whereas a plastic tarp is not. Sure, you could get away with using a plastic tarp but you will never be able to take advantage of all the benefits. The number one reason that you should use a gym floor cover is to protect the hardwood surface. For instance, you would not want to scratch up a gym floor that a basketball team plays on. This will make it appear less attractive, and can even make it wear more quickly. But with a professional grade gym floor cover you can ensure that no matter what is going on inside the gym that the hardwood floor will be taken care of.

Causes, Effects and Solutions of the Global Warming Crisis

2006-11-14T02:01:00.000-08:00

Global warming or the greenhouse effect refers to the increase in the average warming temperature of the earth’s atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. The term “global warming” is a specific case of the more general term “climate change” (which can also refer to cooling). Global warming generally implies a human influence. Some organizations use the term “anthropogenic climate change” for human-induced changes.Too many greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere will increase the greenhouse effect. The most dangerous aspects of the continuing dramatic climatic change is the effects of feedback loops (amplified change). Examples of the feedback loops are Ice/snow, as the earth warms, the levels of ice and snow decrease. This decrease leads to higher temperatures on the surface, leading to more warming. As the earth warms, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere goes up which is the most powerful greenhouse gas in existence.The year 2005 was the warmest year in over a century, according to NASA scientists studying temperature data from around the world. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report projects that the Earth's average surface temperature will increase between 2.5° and 10.4°F (1.4°-5.8°C) between 1990 and 2100 if no major efforts are undertaken to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (the "business-as-usual" scenario). This is significantly higher than what the Panel predicted in 1995 (1.8°-6.3°F, or 1.0°-3.5°C), mostly because scientists expect a reduced cooling effect from tiny particles (aerosols) in the atmosphere.

What Is Student Loan Consolidation?

2006-11-13T01:48:00.000-08:00

What Is Student Loan Consolidation?

School loan consolidation is the act of combining your school loans into one loan in order to help manage your financial debt caused by college or trade school. When you consolidate student loans, you will only have one monthly payment to make, which is usually lower than your combined monthly payments of your unconsolidated student debt. This is possible because when you consolidate loans, you are generally offered a longer time period to repay the debt - sometimes up to 30 years. Many consider the lower payment a huge benefit, which it is, but consolidation can also cause you to pay more interest, over a greater length of time, than you would with your combined unconsolidated debt.
Student loan consolidation rates are generally lower than unconsolidated loan rates, and most often the student loan consolidation rate will be fixed. With unconsolidated loans, most commonly the interest rates are variable, which means they can change at any time, sometimes without much warning. With a fixed rate, the monthly interest will remain the same throughout the entire duration of your consolidated student loan.

Benefits of Selling your Structured Settlement

2006-11-13T01:37:00.000-08:00

Benefits of Selling your Structured Settlement

Large portion of those who receive a structured settlement can benefit from selling it for a lump sum payment. The situations listed in this section represent possible circumstances of individuals that may get the most rewards from selling their structured settlement.
If you cannot wait to receive small, spread-out payments over a long period of time due to a dire financial situation or hefty medical bills and/or lawyer fees. Many of the situations that can bring about a structured settlement can also stick the individual with such obligations.
If you and your family decide that this is the time to finally make that large purchase that you have had your eye on. For example, if you have previously been denied mortgages or loans and would like to take this opportunity to buy that dream home you have always wanted. Or if you have a child or children who are preparing to go off to college and you fear you may not have the financial means to support that dream otherwise.
If you have talked with a financial advisor and both of you feel that you could profit more by investing a lump sum payment, rather than waiting on monthly payments. If the money is invested properly, there is a chance that you could end up with more money in the end than your settlement was ever worth. However, this should not be a plan that is entered into lightly. You should work closely with a financial specialist and feel confident that you have found a great opportunity to invest in.
If you are of older age and feel that you may not be around long enough to receive a fair amount of your structured settlement. You may want to the chance to enjoy the benefits of your settlement or may want to secure part of it for your family after your passing. This way you can distribute the funds as you see fit instead of relying on lawyers or courts.
If you don’t plan to use the money right away, but would rather put it into a savings or money market account to draw interest. This would be best suited for someone who has a very hefty settlement, can find an account with large payoff terms, and plans to keep the majority of the money in the account for many years.
No matter what your reason for wanting to sell your structured settlement, choosing this option puts you back in control of money that is rightly yours. The problem that many individuals have with their structured settlements is that the control over their money is left to lawyers, courts, and the company or persons paying out the settlement. You are now able to say where, how, and - most importantly - when you spend your money.
The Drawbacks of Selling Your Structured SettlementFor a few individuals, selling their structured settlement and receiving a lump sum payment may not be in their best interest. One must also evaluate these situations and determine if they outweigh the reasons you are considering selling your settlement.
First and foremost, selling you structured settlement means that you will receive less money than you would if you were to keep it. However, for many people considering this option, this seems like a win-win situation - they will get one large lump sum payment and the company they sold it to will make a profit in the end. The good news is that since you have several companies competing for your settlement, you can choose the one that will give you the a portion of the full settlement that you can live with.
Because you may lose out on a substantial portion of your settlement by selling it, if you are in a financial situation where regular monthly payments will only be a bonus on top of what you already make, waiting out your settlement may be in your best interest. However, if you’re a senior, then you should also take your age and the length of your structured settlement into consideration. This would be the ideal situation for someone who is young enough that they have a great chance of living out the life of their settlement.
If you are a person who is poor at managing large sums of money, then selling your structured settlement may not be right for you. For example, if you are the kind of person who gets a large paycheck every two weeks and finds themselves running low on available cash at the end of those two weeks, then that may be an indication that needs to be closely looked at. In this type of circumstance, having your settlement portioned out to you on a monthly basis may keep you from spending it too quickly. Once your settlement is gone, you will be back at square one.
For those reasons, you should also not consider selling your structured settlement if you have an addiction to gambling, shopping, or drugs.
If your settlement was due to an accident that has put you out of work and the funds from it will replace your monthly income, then keeping the payments on a monthly basis may help your family keep your finances in order. However, even in this situation selling your settlement may be best for you if you would like to renegotiate your payments into a larger sum each month to shorten the life of the settlement.
Most individuals receiving a structured settlement can benefit from selling it to a company that can give them a large lump sum payment or shorten the life of the settlement, especially if they are older persons, an individual who has enormous expenses due to an accident or court case, someone in a critical financial position, or one who wishes to make a large purchase for themselves and their family. Finding the right company with terms that fit your needs is a key component of making your experience with selling your structured settlement a positive one.

Consolidation Of College Loan Debt

2006-11-13T01:03:00.000-08:00

Most youngsters,the students in the United States desire to become independent early in life.To help them in their endeavor, several financing institutions have come forward with attractive schemes to avail them of a loan for their college education. These institutions also provide flexible repayment options.Unfortunately,it is not guaranteed that students always get a good career start and are able to pay off the loans taken during college days, once their education is complete. Some students also do several courses together hence requiring multiple loans,resulting in them having to repay more than one loan.However, there being a rising inflation rate,expenses soar and hence a student’s budget also gets disrupted. This thus call for a need for a debt consolidation loan to help in easing the debt burden

The loan consolidation method is not meant only for students with high paying jobs.Even students with low paying jobs have hope in form of the loan consolidation methods. in this case,the consolidation company gets in touch with the student’s previous lenders and strikes a deal with them, which works out in both parties’ best interest.

what is debt consolidation? Debt consolidation loans is essentially a term used where,all the loans taken in the past are combined together into one solitary loan and a single monthly payment amount is worked out, which is payable over a period of time. the Debt consolidation loan lead to the total interest and consolidated loan amount being greater than earlier loan repayment amounts. when this is done,it does not affect the budget because,usually a period of 20 to 30 years is sufficient to repay the loan. All that you need to do to avail of the services of loan consolidation is hire a loan consolidating company and leave it to them to figure out a repayment strategy with lower rates, as compared to all your earlier interest rates. This eases your debt burden as well as formulates a term plan, which allows you to save money and repay the loan.

With this detbt consolidation loan, as the finances of the student increases as a result of getting a better employment in the long run, the student can increase his or her monthly loan payments

The student does not have to give any fee to the loan consolidation company so as to access it's services.Each loan consolidation company has its own way of evaluating the eligibility based on its policies. The student should aproach the loan consolidation company after their on evaluation. The student should have the following at hand because the loan consolidation company will need them:(1)Documentary proof such as college mark sheets, Student Identification Card and number.(2)List of earlier loans complete with interest rates and term periods. (3)Personal details such as date of birth, address proof(4)whether you are supported by family or not (5)other relevant information.

The College loan consolidation is also available for a student who has not yet completed his education.College loans prove to be very helpful to the student. Students can also use the money to help them with hidden costs like books, fees, traveling home, or even supplies.So consolidate your college loan now